中国药学(英文版) ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 360-378.DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2023.05.031
李双1,4, 董明纲2,*(
), 郭春燕1,3,*(), 李双双1, 尤斯涵1, 万叶1, 刘心星4
>
>收稿日期:2022-12-14
修回日期:2023-01-10
接受日期:2023-01-25
出版日期:2023-06-02
发布日期:2023-06-02
通讯作者:
董明纲, 郭春燕
作者简介:基金资助:
Shuang Li1,4, Minggang Dong2,*(), Chunyan Guo1,3,*(), Shuangshuang Li1, Sihan You1, Ye Wan1, Xinxing Liu4
Received:2022-12-14
Revised:2023-01-10
Accepted:2023-01-25
Online:2023-06-02
Published:2023-06-02
Contact:
Minggang Dong, Chunyan Guo
摘要：
帕金森氏病(PD)是一种进行性神经系统疾病, 以震颤和运动缓慢为特征。线粒体功能障碍和氨基酸代谢是PD疾病的重要机制。前期工作证实SH-SY5Y细胞中氨基酸含量的变化早于细胞活力的变化。本研究旨在探讨桃红四物配方颗粒(THSWDG)是否能够减轻鱼藤酮诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞毒性, 是否能够改善鱼藤酮诱导线粒体功能障碍及氨基酸代谢紊乱。用MTT法分析细胞存活率; JC-1染色法测定线粒体膜电位; 高效液相色谱法测定SH-SY5Y细胞中氨基酸的含量。采用主成分分析法分析氨基酸含量的变化趋势; 使用生物信息学工具进一步阐明其潜在机制。研究表明, SH-SY5Y细胞氨基酸含量的变化早于细胞活性的变化。THSWDG能显著提高细胞存活率, 改善鱼藤酮对线粒体膜电位的影响和氨基酸的异常代谢。生物信息分析结果表明, THSWDG的作用涉及9个生物学过程, 包括5个与PD疾病相关的氨基酸代谢调节过程和4个与氧化损伤相关的生物学过程。细胞氨基酸过程是一种常见的调节氨基酸代谢和氧化损伤的生物过程。提示THSWDG通过改善线粒体功能障碍和氨基酸代谢紊乱对鱼藤酮诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞损伤发挥保护作用。
Supporting:
李双, 董明纲, 郭春燕, 李双双, 尤斯涵, 万叶, 刘心星. 桃红四物汤颗粒通过改善线粒体功能障碍和氨基酸代谢紊乱缓解鱼藤酮诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞毒性作用[J]. 中国药学(英文版), 2023, 32(5): 360-378.
Shuang Li, Minggang Dong, Chunyan Guo, Shuangshuang Li, Sihan You, Ye Wan, Xinxing Liu. Taohong Siwu dispensing granules alleviate rotenone-induced SH-SY5Y cellular cytotoxicity by rescuing mitochondrial dysfunction and amino acid metabolism disarrangements[J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023, 32(5): 360-378.
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Figure 1. A schematic diagram of experimental study and network analysis for investigation of the mechanisms of THSWDG against PD cell model.
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Figure 2. Effect of rotenone on the cell vitality of SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with rotenone at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 nM for 24 h (A) or exposed to 150 nM rotenone at different times of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h (B). Cell survival was analyzed with MTT assay. Note: ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, compared with the control group; NS: no significant difference.
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Figure 3. Effect of THSWDG treatment alone on cell vitality of SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with THSWDG at concentrations of 0, 0.4, 2, 10, 50, and 250 μg/mL for 24 h (A) and 48 h (B). Cell survival was analyzed with MTT assay. NS: no significant difference compared with the control group.
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Figure 4. Effect of THSWDG on cell vitality of SH-SY5Y cells. Cells were grouped as follows: the control group, the model group, and the THSWDG group. In the control group, cells were not treated with any drugs, and the final concentration of the medium solution containing DMSO was 0.025%. In the model group, cells were treated with 150 nM rotenone for 24 h to establish the PD cell model. In the THSWDG group, cells were exposed to 150 nM rotenone in the presence of 10, 50, and 250 μg/mL THSWDG (added immediately before rotenone) for 24 h. ###P < 0.001, compared with the control group; *P < 0:05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared with the model group.
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Figure 5. Effects of THSWDG on MMP. Normal SH-SY5Y cells stained with the JC-1 dye emitted a mitochondrial orange-red fluorescence with a small amount of green fluorescence (A). After treatment with 10, 50, and 250 μg/mL THSWDG, the ratio of green/red fluorescence was significantly decreased (C–E). Scale bar = 20 μm.
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Figure 6. Effects of THSWDG on SOD, GSH, and LDH. Cells were grouped as described above. The levels of SOD (A), GSH (B), and LDH (C) are shown. Compared with the control group, the SOD activity (A) and GSH level (B) were decreased significantly, while the LDH level (C) was increased significantly in the model group. THSWDG treatment dose-dependently elevated the SOD activity and GSH level but inhibited the rotenone-induced decrease of LDH level. The 10–250 μg/mL THSWDG was negatively correlated to the change of SOD, suggesting that the dosage of THSWDG must be controlled reasonably. However, this would not change the results that THSWDG could inhibit the oxidative damage induced by rotenone. ###P < 0.001, compared with the control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared with the model group.
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Figure 7. HPLC of AAs with pre-column DNFB derivatization reaction. Black: blank chromatogram containing derivative reagent; Blue: chromatogram of AA reference standards; Red: chromatogram of AAs in SH-SY5Y cells. DNFB: 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene; E-glutamic acid; Q-glutamine; G-glycine; H-histidine; I-isoleucine; L-leucine; K-lysine; F-phenylalanine; P-proline; S-serine. Flow rate 1.0 mL/min; UV wavelength 360 nm; Injection volume 20 μL; Thermo BDS Hypersil column (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 250 mm); Column temperature 30 °C; Gradient elution; Run time: 35 min.
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Figure 8. The PCA and PLS-DA of cells treated with rotenone for 3 and 24 h. PCA was performed to verify outliers (A-3 h; C-24 h). The 95% con?dence interval was indicated as an ellipse. The PLS-DA model discriminates control and model (B-3 h; D-24 h). E-Glutamic acid; Q-glutamine; G-glycine; H-histidine; I-isoleucine; L-leucine; K-lysine; F-phenylalanine; P-proline; S-serine. Variable importance in projection (VIP) scores are shown in brackets for amino acid metabolites. “↓” indicates metabolites (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05), which identified biomarkers for predicting PD with PLS-DA.
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Figure 9. The PCA and PLS-DA of cells treated with THSWDG for 24 h. PCA was performed to verify outliers (A). The 95% CI was indicated as an ellipse. The PLS-DA model discriminates control, model, and THSWDG groups (B). E-Glutamic acid; Q-glutamine; G-glycine; H-histidine; I-isoleucine; L-leucine; K-lysine; F-phenylalanine; P-proline; S-serine.
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Figure 10. The contents of AA biomarkers in different groups. ###P < 0.001, compared with the control group; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared with the model group.
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Figure 11. The AA-gene interaction network was constructed using Cytoscape software. The red nodes represent found differentially expressed AAs, the blue nodes represent associated gene targets, and the pink nodes represent related metabolites.
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Figure 12. Gene-gene interaction network of GLUL, MPO, and DDC. (A) GLUL, (B) MPO, (C) DDC, (D) all of the gene targets.
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Figure 13. PPI network of SOD, GSH, and LDH. (A) SOD, (B) GSH, (C) LDH, (D) all of the protein targets.
5-360/img_16.jpg)
Figure 14. ClueGO analysis of the biological process. A functionally grouped network of enriched categories was generated for the genes/proteins. GO terms are represented as nodes, and the node size represents the enrichment significance. The node pie charts showed the most important biological processes. All of these results were filtered by P ≤ 0.05. The five biological processes of GLUL, MPO, and DDC were screened by ClueGO (A). The four biological processes of SOD, GSH, and LDH were screened by ClueGO (B).
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