来源于中国产细辛亚属植物的生药的显微鉴别研究

doi:10.5246/jcps.2020.12.076

中国药学(英文版) ›› 2020, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (12): 855-867.DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2020.12.076

来源于中国产细辛亚属植物的生药的显微鉴别研究

李耀利¹, 刘忠², 俞捷³, 尚明英¹, 谢百波⁴, 徐风¹, 蔡少青¹^,^*()

1. 北京大学医学部药学院生药学研究室, 北京 100191
2. 上海交通大学药学院, 上海 200240
3. 云南中医药大学药学院, 云南昆明 650500
4. 辽宁省抚顺龙晟生物科技有限公司, 辽宁抚顺 113007

收稿日期:2020-08-25 修回日期:2020-09-12 接受日期:2020-09-18 出版日期:2020-12-30 发布日期:2020-12-30
通讯作者: 蔡少青
作者简介:
+ Tel./Fax: +86-10-82801693, E-mail: sqcai@bjmu.edu.cn

Comparative authentication of crude drugs from subgenus Asarum species in China based on microscopic features

Yaoli Li¹, Zhong Liu², Jie Yu³, Mingying Shang¹, Baibo Xie⁴, Feng Xu¹, Shao-Qing Cai¹^,^*()

1 Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
2 School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3 School of pharmacy, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
4 Fushun Longsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Fushun 113007, China

Received:2020-08-25 Revised:2020-09-12 Accepted:2020-09-18 Online:2020-12-30 Published:2020-12-30
Contact: Shao-Qing Cai

About author:

Dr. Shao-Qing Cai is a professor of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, and is the Director of International Cooperative Center for Researches of Medicinal Resources at PEKING UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER and the UNIVERSITY OF TOYAMA. Dr. Cai got his B.Sc. at School of Pharmacy, Beijing Medical College in 1982. He got his Ph.D. degree in 1989 at Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Since then Dr. Cai has been working at Peking University, with the following research activities: Identification and quality evaluation of crude drugs; Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Chinese drugs; Effective substances of traditional Chinese medicines and their mechanism of actions. He has published over 300 related articles in a number of journals including JNP, Chromatography A, Phytochemistry, Planta Medica, Talanta and so on. He proposes the "Efficacy Theory" hypothesis of the traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) (China J Chinese Materia Medica, 2015, 40 (17): 3435): A TCMs exerts its action through both the 'Additive Effects' of numerous effective forms (including constituents or/and their metabolites) on the same target and the 'Synergistic Effects' based on the overall action of the additive effects on individual targets, and the TCMs weakens its toxicities through their 'Toxicity Scattering Effects'. Dr. Cai is a vice-chairman of Specialty Committee of Medical Resources Utilization and Conservation, World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies. He was a vice dean of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University; a vice-chairman of the Chinese Committee of Traditional Chinese and Natural Medicines, Chinese Pharmaceutical Association. He serves also as a member of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, and editorial board members of China J. Chinese Materia Medica, J. Natural Medicines, J. Ginseng Research etc.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2015版《中国药典》规定细辛来源于马兜铃科细辛属植物北细辛Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum、汉城细辛A. sieboldii var. seoulense和华细辛Asarum sieboldii干燥的根和根茎。然而, 同属的很多种被当作"细辛"、"土细辛"或者"南细辛"在产地出售使用。为了准确鉴别细辛类药材, 确保它们的安全和有效, 在本研究室工作的基础上, 采用手持切片器制片和显微数码成像等技术方法, 首次对云南细辛组织构造进行了显微鉴定研究, 包括对云南细辛叶片、叶柄和根的组织构造特征进行了详细的观测和描述; 并系统比较了中国产细辛亚属(《中国植物志》系统及后来发表的云南细辛) 除台湾细辛之外的9种及1变种的叶表面显微特征。结果表明叶片上、下表面非腺毛的形态和分布、毛细胞形态、下表皮细胞垂周壁的弯曲程度、油细胞胞腔和外平周壁的大小关系、叶肉细胞有无红色或褐色物质、叶片主脉维管束中最大导管直径等特征对于细辛亚属10个类群的鉴定具有重要的意义; 依据叶片的显微特征建立了这10个类群的鉴别检索表; 依据检索表, 鉴别了市场上常见的细辛亚属商品主要是单叶细辛和短尾细辛的全草。研究显示, 显微鉴定是一种方便的、可行的技术, 可用于鉴别来源于中国产细辛亚属的药材。

关键词: 鉴别, 显微特征, 细辛, 细辛亚属, 云南细辛

Abstract:

According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the Chinese medicinal material (Asari Radix et Rhizoma) Xixin is derived from the species Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum, A. sieboldii, and A. sieboldii var. seoulense. However, many species of the genus Asarum are labeled as "Xixin", "Tu-Xixin" or "Nan-Xixin" for sale in producing areas. To distinguish Chinese Asarum species and to ensure their safety and efficacy, we examined the microscopic characteristics of subg. Asarum plants in China (including subg. Asarum plants in the classification system of Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae and the later published Asarum yunnanense) using a hand microtome and a microscopic digital imaging system based on our previous research. Microscopic features of the blades, petioles, and roots of A. yunnanense were investigated for the first time. Moreover, we compared nine species and one variety of the subg. Asarum (i.e. , A. yunnanense, A. caudigerellum, A. himalaicum, A. pulchellum, A. debile, A. caulescens, A. renicordatum, A. caudigerum, A. caudigerum var. cardiophyllum and A. geophilum) in China based on microscopic characteristics of the blades. Several parameters, such as morphological characteristics and distribution of hairs on both upper and lower leaf epidermises; morphological characteristics of hair cells; anticlinal walls of lower epidermal cells; size relationship between outer periclinal walls and cavity outlines of oil cells on lower leaf epidermis; presence or absence of the irregular cells containing red to brown substances among mesophyll cells; and the diameter of the largest vessels in midribs of the blades, were used for discrimination among species. To the best of our knowledge, we provided the first identification key for the 10 taxa based on blade microscopic characteristics that could be used to distinguish these taxa. Based on the key, 23 commercial samples collected from seven provinces of China were authenticated as whole dried herbs of A. himalaicum, A. caudigerellum, A. caudigerum, A. pulchellum and A. caulescens. These findings indicated that microscopic approach and related techniques were convenient and feasible and could be used for the authentication of crude drugs from Chinese subg. Asarum species.

Key words: Authentication, Microscopic characteristics, Xixin, Subg. Asarum, Asarum yunnanense

Supporting:

李耀利, 刘忠, 俞捷, 尚明英, 谢百波, 徐风, 蔡少青. 来源于中国产细辛亚属植物的生药的显微鉴别研究[J]. 中国药学(英文版), 2020, 29(12): 855-867.

Yaoli Li, Zhong Liu, Jie Yu, Mingying Shang, Baibo Xie, Feng Xu, Shao-Qing Cai. Comparative authentication of crude drugs from subgenus Asarum species in China based on microscopic features[J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020, 29(12): 855-867.

图/表 9

Table 1. Experimental samples and their sources.

Figure 1. Original plants and microscopic features of the blade of Asarum yunnanense (No. Z Liu 2001-004). A: Original plants; B: Surface view of the upper epidermis (B1) and lower epidermis (B2); C: Sketch of the transverse section; D: Details of the transverse section of the margin; E: Details of the transverse section of the midrib. Abbreviations: co, collenchyma tissue or collenchyma cell; ep, epidermis or epidermal cell; epl, lower epidermis or lower epidermal cell; epu, upper epidermis or upper epidermal cell; hr, hair; oc, oil cell; occ, cavity outlines of oil cell; opw, outer periclinal wall of oil cell; pa, palisade tissue or cell; ph, phloem; sp, spongy tissue or cell; st, sieve tube; sto, stoma; vb, vascular bundle; v, vessel; xy, xylem.

Figure 2. Transverse section of the petiole and root of Asarum yunnanense (No. Z Liu 2001-004).A: Sketch of the petiole; B: Details of part of the epidermis, ground tissue, and two vascular bundles near the abaxial side of the petiole; C: Sketch of the root; D: Details of part of the epidermis, root cortex; E: Details of the root stele. Abbreviations: cd, Casparian dot; co, collenchyma tissue or collenchyma cell; cx, cortex or cortical cell; en, endodermis or endodermal cell; ep, epidermis or epidermal cell; ex, exodermis or exodermal cell; gt, ground tissue; hr, hair; lpc, large parenchymatous cell; p, parenchymatous cell; ph, phloem; pr, pericycle; st, sieve tube; v, vessel; xy, xylem.

Key 1. Identification key to the 10 taxa of the subg. Asarum in China based on the microscopic characteristics of the blades.

Table 2. Microscopic characteristics of the upper epidermis of the blade of subg. Asarum plants in China.

Table 3. Microscopic characteristics of the lower epidermis of the blade of subg. Asarum plants in China.

Figure 3. Non-glandular hairs distributed on blade epidermises of the subg. Asarum plants. (A) Asarum himalaicum; (B) A. caulescens; (C) A. debile; (D) A. renicordatum; (E) A. caudigerellum; (F) A. pulchellum; (G) A. caudigerum; (H) A. caudigerum var. cardiophyllum; (I) A. geophilum; (J) A. yunnanense; (subscript 1. upper epidermis; subscript 2. lower epidermis).

Table 4. Identification of commercial samples.

Figure 4. Surface view of the blade of Asarum caulescens (No. Z Liu 2001-050), showing irregular cells containing red to brown substances among mesophyll cells (A and B); commercial samples of A. himalaicum (C) and A. caudigerellum (D).

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来源于中国产细辛亚属植物的生药的显微鉴别研究

Comparative authentication of crude drugs from subgenus Asarum species in China based on microscopic features

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