Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3): 315-323.DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2026.03.021
• Original articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yufang Sun1, Hualong Yu2, Shuxiang Song1,*(
)
Received:2025-11-05
Revised:2025-11-20
Accepted:2025-12-23
Online:2026-04-04
Published:2026-04-03
Contact:
Shuxiang Song
Supporting:
Yufang Sun, Hualong Yu, Shuxiang Song. Rapid detection of mitochondria in extracellular vesicles using nanoflow cytometry[J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2026, 35(3): 315-323.
| [1] |
Monzel, A.S.; Enríquez, J.A.; Picard, M. Multifaceted mitochondria: moving mitochondrial science beyond function and dysfunction. Nat. Metab. 2023, 5, 546–562.
|
| [2] |
Murphy, M.P.; Hartley, R.C. Mitochondria as a therapeutic target for common pathologies. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2018, 17, 865–886.
|
| [3] |
Emma, F.; Montini, G.; Parikh, S.M.; Salviati, L. Mitochondrial dysfunction in inherited renal disease and acute kidney injury. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2016, 12, 267–280.
|
| [4] |
Zong, Y.; Li, H.; Liao, P.; Chen, L.; Pan, Y.; Zheng, Y.Q.; Zhang, C.Q.; Liu, D.L.; Zheng, M.H.; Gao, J.J. Mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2024, 9, 124.
|
| [5] |
Wen, H.P.; Deng, H.; Li, B.Y.; Chen, J.Y.; Zhu, J.Y.; Zhang, X.; Yoshida, S.; Zhou, Y.D. Mitochondrial diseases: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic advances. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2025, 10, 9.
|
| [6] |
Wu, Z.Y.; Chen, L.; Guo, W.Y.; Wang, J.; Ni, H.Y.; Liu, J.N.; Jiang, W.T.; Shen, J.; Mao, C.; Zhou, M.; Wan, M.M. Oral mitochondrial transplantation using nanomotors to treat ischaemic heart disease. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2024, 19, 1375–1385.
|
| [7] |
Nakai, R.; Varnum, S.; Field, R.L.; Shi, H.Y.; Giwa, R.; Jia, W.T.; Krysa, S.J.; Cohen, E.F.; Borcherding, N.; Saneto, R.P.; Tsai, R.C.; Suganuma, M.; Ohta, H.; Yokota, T.; Brestoff, J.R. Mitochondria transfer-based therapies reduce the morbidity and mortality of Leigh syndrome. Nat. Metab. 2024, 6, 1886–1896.
|
| [8] |
Suh, J.; Lee, Y.S. Mitochondria as secretory organelles and therapeutic cargos. Exp. Mol. Med. 2024, 56, 66–85.
|
| [9] |
Lou, P.; Liu, S.Y.; Xu, X.W.; Pan, C.; Lu, Y.R.; Liu, J.P. Extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics for the regeneration of chronic wounds: current knowledge and future perspectives. Acta Biomater. 2021, 119, 42–56.
|
| [10] |
Zhou, X.Y.; Liu, S.Y.; Lu, Y.R.; Wan, M.H.; Cheng, J.Q.; Liu, J.P. MitoEVs: a new player in multiple disease pathology and treatment. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 2023, 12, 12320.
|
| [11] |
D’Acunzo, P.; Pérez-González, R.; Kim, Y.; Hargash, T.; Miller, C.; Alldred, M.J.; Erdjument-Bromage, H.; Penikalapati, S.C.; Pawlik, M.; Saito, M.; Saito, M.; Ginsberg, S.D.; Neubert, T.A.; Goulbourne, C.N.; Levy, E. Mitovesicles are a novel population of extracellular vesicles of mitochondrial origin altered in Down syndrome. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabe5085.
|
| [12] |
Liang, W.J.; Sagar, S.; Ravindran, R.; Najor, R.H.; Quiles, J.M.; Chi, L.G.; Diao, R.Y.; Woodall, B.P.; Leon, L.J.; Zumaya, E.; Duran, J.; Cauvi, D.M.; De Maio, A.; Adler, E.D.; Gustafsson, Å.B. Mitochondria are secreted in extracellular vesicles when lysosomal function is impaired. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 5031.
|
| [13] |
Manickam, D.S. Delivery of mitochondria via extracellular vesicles–A new horizon in drug delivery. J. Control. Release. 2022, 343, 400–407.
|
| [14] |
Dave, K.M.; Stolz, D.B.; Venna, V.R.; Quaicoe, V.A.; Maniskas, M.E.; Reynolds, M.J.; Babidhan, R.; Dobbins, D.X.; Farinelli, M.N.; Sullivan, A.; Bhatia, T.N.; Yankello, H.; Reddy, R.; Bae, Y.; Leak, R.K.; Shiva, S.S.; McCullough, L.D.; Manickam, D.S. Mitochondria-containing extracellular vesicles (EV) reduce mouse brain infarct sizes and EV/HSP27 protect ischemic brain endothelial cultures. J. Control. Release. 2023, 354, 368–393.
|
| [15] |
Dave, K.M.; Stolz, D.B.; Manickam, D.S. Delivery of mitochondria-containing extracellular vesicles to the BBB for ischemic stroke therapy. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2023, 20, 1769–1788.
|
| [16] |
D’Souza, A.; Burch, A.; Dave, K.M.; Sreeram, A.; Reynolds, M.J.; Dobbins, D.X.; Kamte, Y.S.; Zhao, W.Z.; Sabatelle, C.; Joy, G.M.; Soman, V.; Chandran, U.R.; Shiva, S.S.; Quillinan, N.; Herson, P.S.; Manickam, D.S. Microvesicles transfer mitochondria and increase mitochondrial function in brain endothelial cells. J. Control. Release. 2021, 338, 505–526.
|
| [17] |
Dave, K.M.; Venna, V.R.; Rao, K.S.; Stolz, D.B.; Brady, B.; Quaicoe, V.A.; Maniskas, M.E.; Hildebrand, E.E.; Green, D.; Chen, M.X.; Milosevic, J.; Zheng, S.Y.; Shiva, S.S.; McCullough, L.D.; S Manickam, D. Mitochondria-containing extracellular vesicles from mouse vs. human brain endothelial cells for ischemic stroke therapy. J. Control. Release. 2024, 373, 803–822.
|
| [18] |
Tang, V.A.; Renner, T.M.; Fritzsche, A.K.; Burger, D.; Langlois, M.A. Single-particle discrimination of retroviruses from extracellular vesicles by nanoscale flow cytometry. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 17769.
|
| [19] |
Welsh, J.A.; Van Der Pol, E.; Arkesteijn, G.J.A.; Bremer, M.; Brisson, A.; Coumans, F.; Dignat-George, F.; Duggan, E.; Ghiran, I.; Giebel, B.; Görgens, A.; Hendrix, A.; Lacroix, R.; Lannigan, J.; Libregts, S.F.W.M.; Lozano-Andrés, E.; Morales-Kastresana, A.; Robert, S.; De Rond, L.; Tertel, T.; Tigges, J.; De Wever, O.; Yan, X.M.; Nieuwland, R.; Wauben, M.H.M.; Nolan, J.P.; Jones, J.C. MIFlowCyt-EV: a framework for standardized reporting of extracellular vesicle flow cytometry experiments. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 2020, 9, 1713526.
|
| [20] |
Stoner, S.A.; Duggan, E.; Condello, D.; Guerrero, A.; Turk, J.R.; Narayanan, P.K.; Nolan, J.P. High sensitivity flow cytometry of membrane vesicles. Cytom. Part A. 2016, 89, 196–206.
|
| [21] |
Wang, L.L.; Hoffman, R.A. Standardization, calibration, and control in flow cytometry. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 2017, 79, 1.3.1–1.3.27.
|
| [22] |
Nolan, J.P. Flow cytometry of extracellular vesicles: potential, pitfalls, and prospects. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 2015, 73, 13.14.1–13.14.216.
|
| [23] |
Morales-Kastresana, A.; Musich, T.A.; Welsh, J.A.; Telford, W.; Demberg, T.; Wood, J.C.S.; Bigos, M.; Ross, C.D.; Kachynski, A.; Dean, A.L.; Felton, E.J.; Van Dyke, J.; Tigges, J.; Toxavidis, V.; Parks, D.R.; Overton, W.R.; Kesarwala, A.H.; Freeman, G.J.; Rosner, A.; Perfetto, S.P.; Pasquet, L.; Terabe, M.; McKinnon, K.; Kapoor, V.; Trepel, J.B.; Puri, A.N.; Kobayashi, H.; Yung, B.; Chen, X.Y.; Guion, P.; Choyke, P.; Knox, S.J.; Ghiran, I.; Robert-Guroff, M.; Berzofsky, J.A.; Jones, J.C. High-fidelity detection and sorting of nanoscale vesicles in viral disease and cancer. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 2019, 8, 1597603.
|
| [24] |
Inglis, H. C.; Danesh, A.; Shah, A.; Agueri, S.; Larsson, A.; Andreu, Z.; Blasco, L.; Daas, A.; De Winter, F.; Elkeland, S.; Gahan, J.; Harrison, P.; Hendrickson, D.; Hesselberg, M.; Hoen, E. N.; Jansson, L.; Jovanovic-Taljic, S.; Kenson, M.; Kokkonen, P.; Kowal, J.; Kramer, M.; Lallien-Hafting, T.; Lässer, C.; Lenberg, J.; Levin, M.; Mackie, P.; Madelon, N.; Magalhaes, J.; Magna, F.; Mateescu, B.; Mullier, F.; Nagy, A.; Nascimento, I.; Nolan, J.; O’Driscoll, L.; Oliveira, C.; Pallinger, E.; Pfeiffer, N.; Phinney, D.; Picoult, L.; Pohl, M.; Reinhardt, V.; Ronqueras, I. P.; Rossel, C.; Royen, T.; Sanders, N.; Schlosser, J.; Schuster, A.; Shekarriz, R.; Sikira, H.; Sioen, A.; Stalder, G.; Stumvoll, G.; Tacke, M.; Tatischeff, I.; Tessier, D.; Tulenkova, A.; Van Der Pol, E.; Van Hoovels, L.; Viktorsson, M.; Welch, S.; Yuana, Y. Techniques to improve detection and analysis of extracellular vesicles using flow cytometry. Cytom. Part A. 2015, 87, 1052–1063.
|
| [25] |
van der Vlist, E.J.; Nolte-'t Hoen, E.N.M.; Stoorvogel, W.; Arkesteijn, G.J.A.; Wauben, M.H.M. Fluorescent labeling of nano-sized vesicles released by cells and subsequent quantitative and qualitative analysis by high-resolution flow cytometry. Nat. Protoc. 2012, 7, 1311–1326.
|
| [26] |
Théry, C.; Witwer, K.W.; Aikawa, E.; Alcaraz, M.J.; Anderson, J.D.; Andriantsitohaina, R.; Zuba-Surma, E.K. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV guidelines. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 2018, 7, 1535750.
|
| [27] |
Lobb, R.J.; Becker, M.; Wen, S.W.; Wong, C.S.F.; Wiegmans, A.P.; Leimgruber, A.; Möller, A. Optimized exosome isolation protocol for cell culture supernatant and human plasma. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 2015, 4, 27031.
|
| [28] |
Li, P.; Kaslan, M.; Lee, S.H.; Yao, J.; Gao, Z.Q. Progress in exosome isolation techniques. Theranostics. 2017, 7, 789–804.
|
| [29] |
Konoshenko, M.Y.; Lekchnov, E.A.; Vlassov, A.V.; Laktionov, P.P. Isolation of extracellular vesicles: general methodologies and latest trends. BioMed Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 8545347.
|
| [30] |
Dache, Z.A.; Chevé, M.; Dancourt, J.; Lavieu, G. Quantitative cellular characterization of extracellular mitochondria uptake and delivery. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 9053.
|
| [31] |
Lou, P.; Zhou, X.Y.; Zhang, Y.M.; Xie, Y.J.; Wang, Y.Z.; Wang, C.S.; Liu, S.Y.; Wan, M.H.; Lu, Y.R.; Liu, J.P. Harnessing tissue-derived mitochondria-rich extracellular vesicles (Ti-mitoEVs) to boost mitochondrial biogenesis for regenerative medicine. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eadt1318.
|
| [32] |
Wang, Y.; Yu, H.Y.; Yi, Z.J.; Qi, L.Y.; Yang, J.S.; Xie, H.X.; Zhao, M.; Liu, N.H.; Chen, J.Q.; Zhou, T.J.; Xing, L.; Cheng, X.W.; Jiang, H.L. Super mitochondria-enriched extracellular vesicles enable enhanced mitochondria transfer. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 9448.
|
| [1] | Yongmei Li, Yuan Wang, Xiaoming Zhang, Yiwen Gao, Chunhong Xin, Nan Zhang. Impact of Huanglian Jiedu decoction on myocardial mitochondrial autophagy in spontaneously hypertensive rats [J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2025, 34(9): 850-859. |
| [2] | Yufang Sun, Yingli Xu, Hualong Yu, Shuxiang Song. Application of nano-flow cytometry for the detection of extracellular vesicles and lipid nanoparticles [J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2025, 34(10): 943-953. |
| [3] | Shuang Li, Minggang Dong, Chunyan Guo, Shuangshuang Li, Sihan You, Ye Wan, Xinxing Liu. Taohong Siwu dispensing granules alleviate rotenone-induced SH-SY5Y cellular cytotoxicity by rescuing mitochondrial dysfunction and amino acid metabolism disarrangements [J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023, 32(5): 360-378. |
| [4] | Shihui Li, Kemeng Guo, Nining Yin, Mingzhu Shan, Yao Zhu, Ying Li. Teasaponin induces reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in Candida albicans [J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021, 30(11): 895-903. |
| [5] | Yupeng Wang, Yi Sun, Xiaoping Pu. Endogenous antioxidant DJ-1: A potential target for asthenozoospermia [J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017, 26(10): 697-708. |
| [6] | Lidan Bai, Xue Li, Qing Chang, Rui Wu, Jing Zhang, Xiaoda Yang. Cinnamaldehyde promotes mitochondrial function and reduces Aβ toxicity in neural cells [J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016, 25(8): 605-613. |
| [7] | Hongjun Xie, Lei Liu, Fan Zeng, Limin Mu, Yao Zhao, Yan Yan, Yingjie Hu, Jiashuan Wu, Yingzi Bu, Jingying Zhang, Wanliang Lu. Efficacy and mechanism of antiresistant vinorelbine liposomes in treating resistant breast cancer cells [J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016, 25(7): 489-501. |
| [8] | Chenyi Huo, Huixue Liu. Amavadin induced PTP opening not through the promotion of ROS generation in rat kidney mitochondria [J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014, 23(12): 830-836. |
| [9] | Kun Xiong, Wei Xu, Huihui Zeng* . Reactive oxygen species mediate ethaselen-induced rapid apoptosis in A549 cells [J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014, 23(1): 54-59. |
| [10] | Lijia Yuan, Cong Wang, Wei Liu, Wenlong Liu, Baodi Gou*, Tianlan Zhang* . Realgar induces differentiation through ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway in HL-60 cells [J]. , 2013, 22(2): 184-189. |
| [11] | Congcong Hou, Gang Wang, Xiaogai Yang*. Mitochondria as the main source of vanadyl acetylacetonate-induced reactive oxygen species generation in renal epithelial cell lines [J]. , 2013, 22(1): 77-80. |
| [12] | Xin Zhao, Xin Wang, Ke-Fu Yu, Yu Duan, Jie-Si Li, Bing-Xiang Zhao, Xuan Zhang*, Qiang Zhang. Effects of dichloroacetate on the activation of the mitochondrial pathway in C6 cells in vitro [J]. , 2011, 20(5): 460-465. |
| [13] | Zhe Shi, Hui-Xue Liu*, Xiao-Da Yang*. Vanadium stimulates mitochondrial ROS production in different ways [J]. , 2011, 20(5): 498-504. |
| [14] | Yue-Bin Zhao, Zhe Shi, Li-Hua Ye, Hui-Xue Liu*, Xiao-Da Yang*, Kui Wang. Quercetin and green tea polyphenols inhibit the mitochondrial damages and cytotoxicity induced by VO(acac)2 [J]. , 2009, 18(3): 225-231. |
| [15] | LI Zhong-dong*, WANG Jian-chang, LI Pei-zhong. Possible Mechanism of Effects of Etimicin and Gentamicin on Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis [J]. , 2005, 14(2): 131-134. |
| Viewed | ||||||
|
Full text |
|
|||||
|
Abstract |
|
|||||