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Table of Content

    27 January 2019, Volume 28 Issue 1
    Original articles
    Specificity of CRISPR/Cpf1 on single-nucleotide mismatched target sites
    Mingrui Wang, Qi Wan, Yao Wang, Sicong Tian, Ting Zheng, Yingzi Hou, Quan Du
    2019, 28(1):  1-9.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2019.01.001
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    CRISPR/Cas has been coming to prosperity since its discovery and application. It becomes a standard solution for gene editing in the past few years. A guide RNA is used to lead the endonuclease, such as Cas9 and Cpf1, to specific sites and break the double strand. However, there is also possibility that the system will cut a non-specific position, which is called “off-target effect”. The off-target cleavage may cause trouble to gene function research or clinic treatment. In order to reveal the target specificity of Cpf1, this study explored the single-nucleotide mismatches by a dual-luciferase system. Our results showed that the poly(T) structure was prohibitive in spacer for Cpf1 targeting. Moreover, rA mismatches seemed to be of the least tolerance for CRISPR/Cpf1, which was same as CRISPR/Cas9. The phenomenon might be attributed to the homology of the two enzymes. In summary, our research suggest that more attention should be paid to off-target effects when using CRISPR/Cpf1 or CRISPR/Cas9, as this is an intrinsic characteristic of the system.
    Proteomic changes in rat kidney injured by adenine and the regulation of anemoside B4
    Luling He, Qin Gong, Xuan Yu, Mulan Wang, Shasha Wong, Fan Lei, Hongwei Gao, Yingying Luo, Yulin Feng, Shilin Yang, Jun Li, Lijun Du
    2019, 28(1):  10-20.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2019.01.002
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    Adenine is commonly used to establish the animal models for chronic kidney injury and its renal interstitial fibrosis. As an endogenous substance, adenine-induced kidney damage has not yet been fully studied and elucidated, except for inflammatory reaction. Here we analyzed the proteomics of kidney of rats after adenine overloading using LS-MS/MS assay, and observed the role of anemoside B4 (B4). The results showed that adenine could down-regulate 285 proteins and up-regulate 164 proteins in rat kidney tissue compared with the normal group. Down-regulated proteins mainly affected related pathways, such as energy metabolism, while up-regulated proteins affected inflammatory response pathways and metabolic pathways. B4 could significantly reverse the down-regulation of about 40 proteins, which were involved in mitochondria, redox processes, extracellular exosomes, acetylation and other signaling pathways. Simultaneously, B4 could inhibit the up-regulation of five proteins caused by adenine, which were involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, PI3K-Akt and other signaling pathways. Further experimental results of mRNA expression using real-time PCR assay supported the proteomic analysis. Therefore, we proposed that the damage of rat kidney caused by adenine was more complicated, not only with an inflammatory reaction, but also with extensive effects to various metabolic processes in the body. This work provided a valuable clue for comprehensive understanding of adenine-induced renal damage.
    Study on the anaphylactic shock induced by hemocoagulase for injection based on logistic analysis
    Hongjin Gao, Shaoming Wang, Yuxing Chen, Min Chen, Shanshan Lu
    2019, 28(1):  21-26.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2019.01.003
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    In the present study,we aimed to explore the influencing factors of anaphylactic shock caused by hemocoagulase for injection and to provide a scientific basis for clinical safe medication. The cases reports on the adverse reactions induced by hemocoagulase for injection were collected in Chinese and foreign literatures. The clinical characteristics and influencing factors of anaphylactic shock induced by hemocoagulase for injection were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. In this study, 87 articles including 108 cases (68 cases of anaphylactic shock) were collected. Univariate logistic regression indicated that allergic constitution, daily dose, combined anesthesia, first drug delivery, post-dose time and course of treatment were positively associated with the incidence of anaphylactic shock caused by hemocoagulase for injection (P<0.05). The six above-mentioned factors were included in the multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis to exclude the effects of confounding factors, and the results suggested that allergic constitution (P = 0.048, OR = 8.242), combined anesthesia (P = 0.024, OR = 22.675) and post-dose time (P = 0.006, OR = 20.255) were associated with the incidence of anaphylactic shock caused by hemocoagulase for injection. The clinicians should pay much more attention to risk factors that may cause anaphylactic shock, such as allergic constitution, combined anesthesia and post-dose time. The clinical pharmacists should strengthen pharmaceutical monitoring and improve the safety of medication. 
    Preparation and characterization of drop pills of effective part from safflower for anti-Parkinson’s disease
    Shixuan Cheng, Yingcong Ma, Yujie Liu, Ning Pang, Ji Li, Meng Sha, Rutong Ren, Nuramatjan Ablat, Jing Cao, Yi Sun, Xiaoping Pu, Min Ye, Xianrong Qi
    2019, 28(1):  27-39.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2019.01.004
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    Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common degenerative disease of the central nervous system, and the pathologic features are mainly degeneration of substantianigra and dopamine neurons. Studies have shown that safflower flavonoid extract (SAFE) exhibits the neuroprotective effect. In this study, the safflower flavonoid extract drop pills (SAFE-DPs) for anti-PD were prepared by the heating and melting method using SAFE and matrix PEG6000. The performances of the pills were evaluated with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dissolution testing. The analysis results demonstrated an amorphous state for SAFE dispersion in the matrix PEG6000 without any chemical reaction. The SAFE-DPs demonstrated acceptable chemical and physical stability irrespective of the manufacturing process and the storage period. Dissolution testing in three dissolution media (pH 1.0, pH 6.8 and pH 7.5) indicated that SAFE-DPs had excellent dissolution property. The transport of Kaempferol-3-rutinoside (K3R) on the Caco-2 monolayer and the absorption of K3R in situ intestinal perfusion revealed that the principal component of SAFE had a good transport and absorption capacity. Therefore, the drop pills had better release and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, corresponding with the pharmacological and pharmacodynamic results for PD in vivo. 

    Pharmacokinetics of Pazufloxacin Mesilate Sodium Chloride in healthy Chinese volunteers after intravenous injection
    Wenjuan OuYang, Yalan Zhang, Pingsheng Xu, Zhiyong Dai, Hongying Ma, Qun Qin
    2019, 28(1):  40-48.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2019.01.005
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    In the present study, we aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and dosage proportionality for a single, intravenous utilization of Pazufloxacin Mesilate Sodium Chloride, an injectable synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, in healthy Chinesevolunteers.In this open-labeled, three-dosage parallel study, subjects were randomized to receive a single dose of Pazufloxacin Mesilate at 150, 300 or 600 mg (n = 10, 10 and 10, respectively) administered as a 30-min intravenous infusion. Blood and urine samples were serially collected from 0 to 24 h after drug administration. Moreover, the sample’s drug concentrations were analyzed via validated RP-HPLC method.Subjects receiving a single dose of Pazufloxacin Mesilate 150, 300 or 600 mg were in accordance with the two compartment model. The Cmax for each dosage group was 2.37±0.89, 4.27±0.74 and 10.74±4.06 mg·mL1, respectively; and the AUC0→∞ was 3.24±1.2, 5.89±1.51 and 13.32±2.35 mg·h·mL1, respectively. In addition, Tmax for groups treated with 150, 300 and 600 mg was 0.48±0.08, 0.50±0.00 and 0.53±0.08 h, respectively. The correlation analysis for AUC0→∞, Cmax and dosage suggested that pazufolxacin mesilate displayed dose proportion at the dose ranging from 150 to 600 mg. The data suggested that all three different dosage regimens fit with the two compartment model. Meanwhile, it presented a linear correlation between AUC0→∞, Cmax and dosage over the range of 150–600 mg.  
    Drug administration and clinical pharmacy column
    The impacts of national essential medicine policies on the rational use of medicines in China: A cross-sectional study in primary health care institution
    Xinpu Lu, Zhigang Guo, Mengyuan Fu, Haishaerjiang Wushouer, Luwen Shi, Xiaodong Guan
    2019, 28(1):  49-55.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2019.01.006
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    Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide, and it is believed there would be positive correlation between the National Essential Medicines Policies (NEMPs)and the level of rational use of medicines (RUMs). Though there is some early evidence on the NEMPs’ effects on RUMs in China, the evidence is scarce, and conclusions vary. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of the NEMPs of China on the RUMs in the primary health care institutions (PHCs). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. A total of 201 PHCs from six provinces of China were selected, and 39 181 prescriptions were extracted from January to June, 2010. Six indicators were used and tested by independent-samples T test. We found that the average number of drugs per prescription in PHCs with NEMP implementation (the treatment group) was significantly higher than that of the group without NEMP implementation (the control group) (3.37 vs. 2.83, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the average cost per prescription (81.43 vs. 75.02). The percentage of prescriptions, including an antibiotic (53.40% vs. 36.48%, P<0.01) or an injection (40.54% vs. 27.94%, P<0.01), was higher in the treatment group, and the percentage of drugs prescribed by general name was significantly lower (83.71% vs. 93.11%, P<0.01). For the percentage of drugs prescribed from essential medicines list, the treatment group exhibited the higher ratio (76.12% vs. 53.45%, P<0.01). From this study, the NEMPs were not likely to have a positive impact on RUMs. China still needed efforts to improve the selection, the absence of physicians’ active involvement, and the patients habits of irrational medication use.
    Adverse events of intravenous immunoglobulin infusions: a three-year retrospective study in China
    Shurong Shao, Wei Guo
    2019, 28(1):  56-61.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2019.01.007
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    Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is biological product, which is extensively used in pediatric patients, with high adverse effects on children among different brand preparations. In the present study, we aimed to describe the adverse events of pediatric patients given IVIG infusions in China. Data were collected from all patients receiving IVIG infusion at the largest children’s hospital in Ningbo of China form January 2015 to December 2017. Descriptive statistics was used. A total of 2100 patients received IVIG infusion. All the patients who experienced adverse reactions were children (0.48%), with the highest frequency of infusion among those age 1 to 3 years old (40%). Among 10 infusions with adverse reactions, the most common indication was Kawasaki disease (40%) followed by severe pneumonia (30%). Rash was the most common adverse event (80%), followed by chest pain & cough (50%) and cyanosis (40%). Adverse events were observed to occur most frequently within 30 min from onset of infusion. Most of the reactions occurred with the large dose and the indications of used for. Since the hospital changed the brand, the incidence of adverse reactions was decreased from 1.39% to 0.13%.In this study, 0.48% of pediatric patients given IVIG infusions experienced adverse events. Anaphylactoid reaction was the most common manifestation. Symptoms occurred within 30 min from onset of infusion, which were affected by the dose, the value of lgE, the indications and the different brands.
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    Information for Authors
    Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences
    2019, 28(1):  62-71. 
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    Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences  received “2018 Outstanding Sci-tech Journal Award of Chinese Universities”
    Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences
    2019, 28(1):  72-72. 
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    Original articles