Steaming-induced conversion of the volatile components for P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng by headspace sampling gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) and untargeted metabolomics analysis

doi:10.5246/jcps.2023.08.054

Abstract

Abstract:

Ginseng is a popular tonic worldwide, and its effects can be enhanced by steaming. Previous studies regarding the steaming of ginseng mainly focus on the contained saponins but are rare on the volatile components. In the present study, we developed headspace sampling gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS)-based untargeted metabolomics to holistically characterize the altered volatile components of P. ginseng (PG), P. quinquefolius (PQ), and P. notoginseng (PN) during the process of steaming. Chromatographic separation conditions for GC-MS were optimized, by which the volatile components in both the raw and the steaming-processed products (at 1–10 h) for PG, PQ, and PN were characterized within 38 min on an HP-5MS elastic quartz capillary column. We could characterize 106 volatile components from PG, 106 from PQ, and 105 from PN. Multivariate statistical analysis could depict the transformation trajectory for PG, PQ, and PN induced by steaming at different times. Ultimately, 13, 16, and 14 significantly differential volatile components for the steaming of PG, PQ, and PN were discovered by GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis. Notably, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-pentylfuran, hexanal, caryophyllene, and (?)-aristolene were diagnostic to distinguish the raw and processed products for PG. α-Pinene, 2-pentylfuran, hexanoic acid, 2,3-butanediol, and pyruvic acid could distinguish the raw and processed PQ. Cyperene, furfural, 1-isopropyl-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydronaphthalene, hydroxyacetone, and 1-pentanol could discriminate the raw and processed products of PN. The established GC-MS approach can be a practical tool to investigate the underlying processing mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine by revealing changes in its volatile components.

Key words: Ginseng, Steaming, Volatile component, HS-GC-MS, Untargeted metabolomics, Chemical marker

Supporting:

Huimin Wang, Yuying Zhao, Xiaoyan Xu, Humin Xie, Meiting Jiang, Hongda Wang, Bei Xu, Xiaohang Li, Simiao Wang, Boxue Chen, Feifei Yang, Wenzhi Yang. Steaming-induced conversion of the volatile components for P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng by headspace sampling gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) and untargeted metabolomics analysis[J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023, 32(8): 645-664.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1. Identification information for the volatile components characterized from the raw material and steamed product of PG.

Table 2. Identification information for the volatile components characterized from the raw material and steamed product of PQ.

Table 3. Identification information for the volatile components characterized from the raw material and steamed product of PN.

Table 4. Identification of the differential volatile components for PG, PQ, and PN after the steaming.

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