Influencing factors and intervention strategies for intravenous admixture preparation errors in PIVAS: a comprehensive analysis

doi:10.5246/jcps.2025.12.081

Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (12): 1081-1091.DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2025.12.081

• Original articles • Previous Articles

Influencing factors and intervention strategies for intravenous admixture preparation errors in PIVAS: a comprehensive analysis

Gancheng Wang¹^,², Lifeng Mu³, Yawei Du¹, Xiaohan Xu¹, Yinchu Cheng¹, Rongsheng Zhao¹^,²^,^*()

¹ Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
² Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
³ Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China

Received:2025-09-24 Revised:2025-10-23 Accepted:2025-11-04 Online:2025-12-31 Published:2025-12-31
Contact: Rongsheng Zhao
Supported by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 72474013) and the Beijing Health Technology Promotion Project (Grant No. BHTPP2024007).

Abstract

Abstract:

This study investigated the factors contributing to intravenous admixture preparation errors (IAPEs) within Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services (PIVAS). A retrospective analysis was conducted on IAPEs documented in the PIVAS unit of a large multi-specialty hospital in China, which houses over 2000 beds, covering the period from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2022. Drug preparation records were examined using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to identify both univariate and multivariate factors associated with IAPE occurrences. A total of 824 IAPE cases were recorded during the study period, yielding an overall error rate of 0.018%. Univariate analysis identified drug categories (general drugs, anti-infective drugs, and antineoplastic drugs), preparation time (workdays), and years of work experience as significant determinants (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis further confirmed that drug categories (general and antineoplastic drugs), preparation time (workdays), and work experience remained statistically significant predictors of IAPE incidence (P < 0.05). IAPEs in PIVAS were influenced by multiple factors, predominantly those related to personnel and drug characteristics. Targeted interventions, informed by multivariate analysis, are essential to mitigating these errors and enhancing medication safety.

Key words: Intravenous medication, Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Service, Influence factors, Intravenous admixture preparation errors, Generalized linear mixed model, Retrospective study

Supporting:

Gancheng Wang, Lifeng Mu, Yawei Du, Xiaohan Xu, Yinchu Cheng, Rongsheng Zhao. Influencing factors and intervention strategies for intravenous admixture preparation errors in PIVAS: a comprehensive analysis[J]. Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2025, 34(12): 1081-1091.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1. Drug classification criteria and handling requirements.

Table 2. Information of included preparation personnel, prepared drugs, and preparation time.

Table 3. The incidence and types of IAPEs of different drug categories.

Table 4. Univariate analysis of the influencing factors of IAPEs.

Table 5. Multivariate analysis of the influencing factors of IAPEs.

References 21

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Influencing factors and intervention strategies for intravenous admixture preparation errors in PIVAS: a comprehensive analysis

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