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Table of Content

    31 October 2022, Volume 31 Issue 10
    Original articles
    Discovery of novel aspartate derivatives as highly potent and selective FXIa inhibitors
    Ling Zhang, Wei Chen, Ningning Yao, Shuzeng Hou, Zhiwei Meng, Yi Kong, Chenzhong Liao, Zhouling Xie
    2022, 31(10):  727-737.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2022.10.062
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    As a coagulation factor in the intrinsic coagulation pathway, factor XIa (FXIa) is an effective and safe target for the development of antithrombotic drugs. Many small-molecule FXIa inhibitors have been discovered, some of which are being evaluated in clinical trials. However, none of them have been approved. In the present study, a highly selective potent FXIa inhibitor with poor solubility reported in our previous work was selected as a lead compound to be further modified to improve FXIa potency and physicochemical properties. The structure-based drug design and structure-activity relationship study led to the discovery of LY8, LY17, and LY25, which demonstrated enhanced FXIa potency and maintained excellent selectivity. In addition, LY8 exhibited significantly improved aqueous solubility, suggesting that it could be a promising compound to be further evaluated.

    Biological investigation of phenyl benzoate, benzophenone, and xanthone compounds
    Beidou Zhou, Chun Lei, Xuemei Liao, Hang Zhu, Zhipeng Ruan, Yuanyuan Fang, Guifen Xu, Yuli Chen
    2022, 31(10):  738-745.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2022.10.063
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    In the present study, we evaluated the antitumor, anti-tyrosinase, anti-pancreatic lipase, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-α‐glycosidase activities for all or a subset of 20 known compounds. They included 8 phenyl benzoates, 10 benzophenones, and 2 xanthones. Phenyl benzoate compounds 18 did not exhibit evident antitumor activity, which was consistent with existing theories. Compounds 16, 17, and 18 exhibited moderate anti-tyrosinase activity. In addition, compounds 11 and 18 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against Candida albicans, and compound 20 exhibited stronger anti-α-glycosidase activity than quercetin, with an IC50 of approximately 2.45 μM. These results demonstrated that compounds 11, 1618, and 20 were promising leads for further structural modification.

    Risk factors for delayed methotrexate elimination in pediatric patients with hematological malignancies: a retrospective analysis
    Miao Li, Xiaoyan Kong, Shumei Wang
    2022, 31(10):  746-754.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2022.10.064
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    Delayed elimination of methotrexate (MTX) is a major clinical concern in patients receiving high-dose MTX (HD-MTX) therapy. In the present study, we aimed to retrospectively explore the factors associated with MTX concentrations and elimination delay in pediatric patients with hematological malignancies. Cycles of HD-MTX therapy were categorized into the normal elimination group and delayed elimination group according to the serum MTX concentrations at 24 (C24) or 42 h (C42) after the start of MTX therapy. Clinical characteristics associated with MTX concentrations and elimination delay were assessed by χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney test, or Spearman's correlation coefficient. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to adjust for the clustering effects of multiple cycles in one patient and confounders. A total of 43 patients with 138 cycles of HD-MTX chemotherapy were included and evaluated in the current study. Dose, white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (HB), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly correlated with MTX C24 (all P < 0.05). No significant correlations were noticed between baseline characteristics and MTX C42. Delayed MTX elimination was observed in 34 (24.6%) courses. Dose, WBC, HB, BUN, and concurrent infection were the significant risk factors for delayed MTX elimination (all P < 0.05). Our study identified several risk factors associated with MTX levels and elimination, which might be used to recognize patients with a high risk of delayed MTX elimination. However, the findings need to be confirmed in further large-scale studies.

    Study on drug retention of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
    Li Yu, Chaohui Ye
    2022, 31(10):  755-760.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2022.10.065
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    This study retrospectively analyzed the medication prescriptions of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Ningbo Psychiatric Hospital and Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital from March 2018 to September 2020 and compared the drug retention rate of methylphenidate hydrochloride and atomoxetine hydrochloride. The prescription automatic screening system was used to screen the prescriptions in children with ADHD. Kaplan-Meier regression analysis was used to compare prescription retention rates between the two regimens after adjusting for gender, age, body weight, and prescription cost. The mean age of the methylphenidate hydrochloride group was 8.75 ± 2.16 years, and the monthly prescription cost was 327.37 ± 146.64 RMB. The average age of the atomoxetine group was 8.33 ± 1.73 years, and the monthly prescription cost was 363.15 ± 154.90 ¥. There were some differences in the age of enrollment and the monthly prescription cost between the two regimens (all P < 0.01). Moreover, the retention rate of methylphenidate hydrochloride was higher compared with atomoxetine hydrochloride within 18 months. Kaplan-Meier regression analysis showed that this trend was significant (Tarone-ware, Chi-square value = 14.893, P < 0.001). Prescription costs might be a factor affecting drug retention. This study found that the retention rates were decreased month by month in children with ADHD, and after 5 months, the retention rates were 52.20% and 41.22%, respectively, far below the recommended levels of the guidelines.

    A comparison of the effects of Kangfuxin liquid and watermelon frost spray for recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A meta-analysis
    Yingguang Sun, Yuanyuan Yue, Jiemin Shao, Meng Gao, Yanru Deng, Yunjia Feng
    2022, 31(10):  761-772.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2022.10.066
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    Through a meta-analysis, we comprehensively evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of Kangfuxin liquid (KFXL) in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving RAS patients treated with KFXL were systematically retrieved from several online databases from inception to December 2021. All the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessments were performed by two independent investigators using the Cochrane systematic review method. The total effective rate, VAS pain score, recurrence rate, and ulcer healing time were analyzed using Rev Man 5.3 software and Stata 16.0. A total of 17 studies consisting of 1703 patients were included in our investigation. The pooled result indicated that when compared with watermelon frost spray (WFS), KFXL had a significantly superior clinical effectiveness rate (logRR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.22, P < 0.00001). Moreover, the ulcer healing time (MD = –1.63, 95% CI = –2.32 to –0.93, P < 0.00001), VAS pain score (MD = –1.81, 95% CI: –2.65 to –0.97, P = 0.00), and recurrence rate (logRR = –0.65, 95% CI = –0.89 to 0.42, P < 0.00001) of patients with RAS were also significantly improved after receiving the KFXL therapy. Our study revealed that KFXL was a more effective treatment for RAS than WFS, and it could significantly decrease the VAS pain score, recurrence rate, and ulcer healing time in patients. However, our study was limited by the quality of available literature, and further robust trials are needed for a more accurate analysis.

    The mechanism of galanthamine regulating IL-1β/IL-1RA ratio to ameliorate inflammatory microenvironment
    Jingting Kang, Chao Ji
    2022, 31(10):  773-781.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2022.10.067
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    In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of galanthamine, a classic therapeutic drug for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The co-culture system of hippocampal nerve cell line HT-22 and microglial cell line BV-2 was established to observe the effect of galanthamine on the expressions of inflammatory factors induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MTT method was used to observe the protective effect of galanthamine on neurons. ELISA and qPCR methods were used to detect the expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) at the protein and mRNA levels, respectively. IL-1β and IL-1RA were evaluated by the ELISA method after pretreating with galanthamine and α7 nAChR blocker α-bungarotoxin (α-bun), mAChR blocker atropine (Atr), PI3K inhibitor LY294002, IKKβ inhibitor SC514, or MEK inhibitor PD98059, respectively. The results showed that galanthamine significantly inhibited LPS-induced increased IL-1β and IL-1RA expressions and maintained the ratio of IL-1β/IL-1RA. α-Bun could block the regulatory effect of galanthamine on IL-1β and IL-1RA. As PI3K and NF-κB pathways were blocked, the regulatory effect of galanthamine on the IL-1β expression was significantly inhibited. Blocking PI3K and MEK pathways could significantly inhibit the regulation of galanthamine on IL-1RA expression. In summary, galanthamine regulated the inflammatory activity of the IL-1 subfamily to play an anti-inflammatory role mediated by α7 nAChR and PI3K/NF-κB/MAPK pathways, which probably provided a new strategy for AD treatment.

    The diagnostic and prognostic value of CCTs in human hepatocellular carcinoma: a study based on integrated bioinformatics
    Weiwei Jiang, Haiyan Quan, Lu He, Xing Jiang
    2022, 31(10):  782-797.  DOI: 10.5246/jcps.2022.10.068
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    Chaperonin-containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT) is a group of genes involved in protein folding. It has been reported to be associated with the genesis and development of multiple tumors. However, the expression levels and functions of distinct CCTs involved in carcinogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been systematically analyzed. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression and mutation patterns, diagnostic and prognostic value, and functional enrichment of CCTs in HCC using ONCOMINE, GEPIA, the Human Protein Atlas, cBioPortal, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and R language. The transcriptional and translational levels of all CCT family members were remarkably higher in HCC patients and related to the tumor stage. All CCT family members, especially CCT2 and CCT8, might serve as promising diagnostic, prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets for HCC.

    News
    The team of Prof. Zhenjun Yang has made new progress in the in vivo delivery of  c-di-GMP and its analogues and the mechanism of tumor immunity
    State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center
    2022, 31(10):  799-799. 
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    The team of Prof. Zhenjun Yang has made new progress in the in vivo delivery of  c-di-GMP and its analogues and the mechanism of tumor immunity.
    The team of Prof. Xinshan Ye has made a major breakthrough in the field of automated multiplicative synthesis of complex glycans
    State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center
    2022, 31(10):  800-802. 
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    The team of Prof. Xinshan Ye has made a major breakthrough in the field of automated multiplicative synthesis of complex glycans.